Category: Cannabis Education

Introduction to Delta-8 THC and Delta-9 THC

In the past two years, the cannabis industry has seen numerous products featuring the minor cannabinoid, Delta-8 THC, come to market, yet not a lot of consumers understand how Delta-8 and products featuring it are different from its kissing and somewhat stronger cousin, Delta-9. For those who are new to cannabis consumption, understanding the similarities and differences is important for having a positive, safe experience.

Delta-8 and Delta-9 are two different forms of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is the main psychoactive compound found in cannabis. While the plant contains significant amounts of Delta-9 THC, it produces very little Delta-8, which makes the latter a minor cannabinoid. The main differences between the two are their chemical structures and the effects one feels when consuming them. Although they are both naturally present in the plant, connect to the same receptor in the brain, and have similar chemical structures, there are some significant differences between them as well.

Importance of understanding the differences between Delta-8 THC and Delta-9 THC

Because there are an increasing number of products coming to market featuring Delta-8, it’s important for consumers to understand the difference between the two and what they should look for when purchasing a product. In terms of the two’s psychoactive effects, delta-8’s psychoactive effects are purportedly weaker than delta-9’s.

When evaluating products, consumers should do their homework, such as checking a company’s website for Certificates of Analysis, which verify the potency stated on the label as well as ensure the product has been tested. It’s also important to know that delta-8 is not often sourced directly from the plant but is instead created from the synthesis of CBD, which can involve chemicals that should not be consumed. They should also look out for companies that claim their product can treat or cure medical conditions, which is strictly prohibited by the FDA.

What is Delta-8 THC?

Definition and chemical structure of Delta-8 THC

Like CBD, Delta-8 THC is one of over 100 compounds found in the cannabis plant, yet Delta-8 can also be synthetically created in a lab from CBD and hemp. It is often created in a lab because there are not large amounts of the minor cannabinoid in the hemp or cannabis plants. In terms of its chemical structure, delta-8 THC has a double bond on the 8th carbon chain.

How Delta-8 THC is derived from the cannabis plant

Delta-8-THC is typically derived from hemp, which contains lower levels of Delta-9-THC compared to marijuana. It can be produced through various extraction and purification methods.

Legal status of Delta-8 THC in different regions

The legal status of Delta-8 THC varies by state and local jurisdictions. The 2018 Farm Bill allowed for the sale of hemp derived products, as long as the level of THC was under 0.3%. Because Delta-8 is derived from hemp, it is technically “legal” as long as the THC contents of the product meet that threshold of less that 0.3%. That said, Delta-8 products are no longer allowed in a number of states given some of the adverse effects some consumers have experienced after ingestion, while other states have created explicit regulations for these products.

The states where Delta-8 products are not allowed are: Alaska, Washington, Oregon, California, Arizona, Idaho, Montana, Maryland, Colorado, North Dakota, Iowa, Mississippi, New York, Delaware, and Rhode Island.

The states where Delta-8 products are regulated are: Nevada, Utah, South Dakota, Minnesota, Louisiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Virginia, and Maryland, Connecticut and Vermont.

In all other states, Delta-8 remains unregulated.

What is Delta-9 THC?

Definition and chemical structure of Delta-9 THC

Delta-9 THC is a major cannabinoid present in the cannabis plant that has psychoactive, intoxicating effects that makes most people feel “high.” Like Delta-8, Delta-9’s chemical structure also has a double bond on it, located on the 9th carbon chain.

Natural occurrence and concentration in cannabis plants

Cannabinoids like THC are chemical compounds that occur naturally in the cannabis plant. As a cannabis plant grows and matures, its chemical makeup changes. A young plant will have a considerable amount of cannabidiolic acid, which eventually is converted to cannabidiol. When the plant has fully flowered, the cannabidiol converts to

THC in the plant’s trichomes. Typically THC levels in the plant range from 0.3% to 4%, but in some strains that are specially grown for high potency, the level can reach 25%.

Legal status of Delta-9 THC in different regions

As the main psychoactive compound in cannabis, Delta-9-THC is generally classified as a controlled substance. Medical or recreational use is allowed in many states and can be purchased in dispensaries and in some states, from delivery services. When Delta-9 is derived from hemp, products can be sold online and in stores and regular locations as long as it comes in a product that contains less than 0.3% THC by weight.

Differences Between Delta-8 THC and Delta-9 THC

Psychoactive properties and potency

Delta-9 THC is known for its potent psychoactive effects, often associated with the high or euphoria typically associated with cannabis use. In terms of its psychoactivity, Delta-8 THC is considered to be less potent; users often describe the effects of Delta-8 as milder and less intoxicating.

Medical applications and therapeutic potential

People have been using cannabis for medicinal purposes for thousands of years, dating as far back as 2700BC. The medical and therapeutic benefits are most often attributed to CBD and THC, the two major cannabinoids found in the plant. Cannabis has been used anecdotally for a number of different reasons, including inflammation, seizure disorders, relief from pain, improvement in sleep, stimulation of appetite, and the reduction of the nausea and vomiting.

Side effects and safety considerations

The adverse effects of consuming Delta-9 depend on several factors, such as how much a person takes and the quality of the cannabinoid. One might feel paranoia, increased anxiety, sleepiness, dry mouth, confusion, and feeling dissatisfied or unhappy.

Potential Benefits and Uses of Delta-8 THC

The potential benefits of using Delta-8 are similar to those of Delta-9. They include: Improved sleep, relief from pain, reduced inflammation, relief from anxiety and stress, increased appetite, and prevention of sensory overload.

Potential Risks and Concerns of Delta-8 THC

The adverse effects of Delta-8 depend on how much is consumed and the quality of the product. Some of the effects could include lethargy, anxiety, dry eyes and mouth, increased heart rate, disorientation, and impaired coordination

Other risks involved with Delta-8 consumption are related to the way the products are manufactured. The FDA warns that some products may contain potentially harmful chemicals or contaminants that are used during the process of synthesis used to produce Delta-8.

Lack of research and long-term studies

Unlike Delta-9 THC which has been the subject of numerous scientific studies across the world, Delta-8 has not undergone similar scientific research or testing. Because of this, the potential risks and long-term effects associated with Delta-8. Additionally, long-term effects and potential risks associated with its use are not well-understood.

Regulatory challenges and product quality control

Given the meteoric rise in popularity – and availability – of Delta-8, the industry and regulatory bodies have to work quickly to ensure that products for consumer use are safe and accurate in their dosing. Without proper and consistent regulation as well as comprehensive quality control, companies run the risk of producing products that are inaccurately labeled, inconsistent in terms of potency, and contain impurities, which could pose a health risk to consumers.

Implications for drug testing and legality

It’s important for consumers of Delta-8 THC to know that the cannabinoid can be detected by a drug test. Standard saliva or urine tests typically focus on Delta-9; however, the body can convert Delta-8 THC into Delta-9, which may lead to a positive result.

Potential for abuse and addiction

As is true with many substances, both Delta-8 and Delta-9 can produce pleasurable effects. A reliance on these feelings can contribute to the potential for addiction, as consumers may seek to repeat these positive experiences and feelings by continuing to use the substance.

Final Thoughts

There is no doubt that Delta-8 THC and products containing it are having a moment in the spotlight in 2023, and many companies are hustling to bringing new products to market to meet consumer demand. If you are in the process of evaluating water-soluble emulsions for infused products featuring Delta-8, your best resource is SōRSE given our long-standing track record of producing safe, stable and scalable ingredients for CPG. To learn more, contact us today!

Moms, grandmas, and other mother figures around the world deserve a round of applause and all of our love when we celebrate Mother’s Day this coming Sunday. Over the past two years, they have been juggling so many roles – from parent to teacher to employee to chef to counselor to cheerleader – trying to keep family spirits up while maintaining their own sanity. It’s been challenging to say the least!

If you’re wondering what to give the mother figure in your life to show your appreciation for all that she does for you and your family this Mother’s Day, here are some products powered by SōRSE that we think they will enjoy.  

Adapt Superwater

For athletic moms looking for a healthy way to hydrate, Adapt Superwater. Adapt is a beverage brand out of Los Angeles that is the FIRST hemp beverage to earn NSF: Certified for Sport certification. Both beverages are infused with 25mg of CBD and are full of plant-based superfoods and adaptogens like mango juice, chamomile, pomegranate and hibiscus extracts. The base of the beverage is 100% pure coconut water, which is high in potassium and great for rehydration after a tough workout. Whatever workout your mom loves to do most, she will surely benefit from drinking an Adapt beverage before, during or afterwards.  

Cann

For the canna-curious mom, Cann. This low-dose social tonic that comes in a variety of flavors like Lemon Lavender, Blood Orange Cardamum, Grapefruit Rosemary, and Blue Rhuberry, are the perfect present for the mom who’s interested in cannabis but doesn’t want to smoke. Each can is infused with 4mg CBD and 2mg THC, lightly sweetened with agave nectar, and flavored with pure fruit juice, herbs and spices. The sensory experience is just cann-tastic. Cann is available in California, Illinois, Massachusetts, Nevada and Rhode Island.  

Altitude’s Everything Latte 

For coffee and latte-loving moms, Altitude’s Everything Latte. Americans love their cafes and coffee beverages. Altitude’s twist on the latte puts the fun into the category of functional beverages. The base of the drink is cold brew coffee and oat milk, which is then blended with CBD, turmeric, cocoa, cinnamon, chaga, lion’s mane mushroom, cordyceps, reishi, blue agave and sea salt. Can a coffee drink actually be good for you? In the case of the Everything Latte, chock full of these healthy ingredients, the answer is yes. 

Aprch

For hiking, biking, climbing, camping, and adventure-loving moms, Aprch. As far as beverages go, APRCH is the perfect drink for Mom to have in her cooler when she’s spending time in  the great outdoors. This zero-calorie sparkling CBD water comes in five flavors: Lemon + Lime, Watermelon, Cherry + Lime, Mint + Cucumber and Blackberry – with no added sugar. Each 12 oz can contains 30mg of CBD, L-Theanine, an amino acid that promotes relaxation, Vitamin C, and organic natural flavors. 

COPA Beverages

For moms who play hard outside and relax harder, COPA Beverages. The team behind COPA have a true appreciation for nature – from snowy mountains to the rugged northwest coast. They’ve created four sparkling waters infused with 25 mg CBD and fruit juice that are meant to refresh, recharge, and relax. Their sparkling waters feature creative flavor pairings for an amazing sensory experience, like blueberry and pineapple in Blue Beary, and a blend of raspberry, blackberry, cherry, and black currant juices in Wildberry.   

Crisp and Crude

For moms who are crazy for cocktails and mocktails, Crisp and Crude out of Austin, Texas. Crisp and Crude’s four sparkling ready-to-drink NA cocktails feature botanical terpenes. Mom can swap that gin and tonic for an OG Tonic made with juniper, gentian root, angelica, cardamom, coriander, and lime, or try a Mellow Mule which melds tropical pineapple with mint, earthy botanicals, and ginger. Trust us; she won’t miss the spirits with these terpene-forward cocktails! 

Cruise

For craft beverage-loving moms, Cruise. Based in Chicago, Illinois, Cruise has created a line of nitro-infused, sugar-free CBD drinks featuring 25mg CBD, caffeine from organic green beans, and natural fruit extracts. The flavors include Mellow Mango, Blissful Blood Orange, Loosen Up Lemon, and Peaceful Pear. What makes Cruise unique is the foamy head and rich texture the infusion of nitrogen creates, which results in an amazing sensory experience for the consumer. Your mom will thank you for helping her cruise through the day…with Cruise.  

Heirloom Pet Products

For fur-baby moms, Heirloom Pet Products. Many of us know moms who love to spoil their four-legged children rotten. Gifting them some of Heirloom’s water-soluble hemp infused products will be sure to result in wags and purrs. The Beef and Yam bone broth is a great addition to the food (or water!) bowl, and the bacon- flavored Road Trip Stick helps take the edge off before a vet visit or a car ride. You can be sure these gifts will earn a 5-paw review and make their moms furever grateful! 

Kleer

For those moms who would love some kalm and klarity, Kleer. The last two years have been tough for so many — working from home, zooming from home, kids schooling from home off and on – it’s been a lot! The perfect gift for the mom who could use a little TLC in a can are Kleer’s sugar-free sparkling waters. Each can features 25mg CBD and 100% natural flavors. Passion Orange Guava is a blast from the past (who didn’t love POG as a kid?), Cucumber Lime is crisp and refreshing, and Berry Blast is the perfect combination of tart and sweet.   

L8

For moms who love to host gatherings and get-togethers, L8. L8 is a women-owned, women-operated beverage company based in Los Angeles offering the perfect beverage for everyday drinking or special occasions. Each of the four drinks available – coconut vanilla, blueberry mint, ginger peach, and strawberry lemonade — is infused with 20mg of CBD and delivers great flavor. Replenishing and rejuvenating, L8 is the beverage your mom, her friends, and your family will enjoy cracking open whenever you’re together.

Lei Back

For those moms looking for a little “aloha” and an island oasis, Lei Back (plus a pair of flip flops). Whether it’s spring, summer, fall or winter, what mom doesn’t long for sun, sand, and surf, and a beverage that makes them think of fun times at the beach or on vacation? Lei Back’s three sparkling beverage flavors – tangy and refreshing Pomelo, Guava, and Pineapple – all infused with 20mg CBD — remind us that summer is only one month away!  

Mad Tasty

For moms who appreciate companies that make the world a better place, Mad Tasty. Mad Tasty’s sparkling waters come in four refreshing flavors — Watermelon Kiwi, Grapefruit, Unicorn Tears, and Yuzu Citrus – and each can contains 20mg of CBD. Knowing that access to clean water is a problem that many impoverished communities face, Mad Tasty donates 12 ounces of clean drinking water for every 12 ounce can sold through their partnership with Drop4Drop. Each time your mom drinks a Mad Tasty, she’ll be making a difference too.  

Major

For moms looking for an elevated experience, Major. Small but mighty, THC-infused Major offers 100mg of THC per bottle. Major moms can choose their own adventure by picking their own dose – a few mgs for a gentle lift, a few more for a heightened occasion. Whatever the case, any one of the five flavors available — Orange Mango, Pink Lemonade, Blue Raspberry, Passion Fruit and Grape — will bring a smile with every sip. Major is available at dispensaries in Washington, Oregon, California, Ohio, and Arizona – and coming soon to Colorado! 

Pink Cloud Beverages

For moms pining for palm tree paradise, Pink Cloud Beverages. Pink Cloud offers two island-inspired, CBD-infused sparkling beverages flavored with natural fruit juices: Pineapple, Yuzu, and Lime; and Lilikoi and Guava. Beyond transporting Mom to the tropics with each sip, Pink Cloud is committed to preserving our oceans and beaches. The company donates a portion of their proceeds to Surfrider Foundation Oʻahu, an organization with a mission to protect and enjoy the ocean, beaches, and waves, for all people. 

Rip N Sip

For moms on the go, Rip N Sip. We all know moms who are constantly on the move, rushing out the door for a run before heading off to work or picking up the kids from school. An easy way for moms to add CBD to their daily routine is by opening a packet of Rip N Sip and pouring it into whatever beverage they choose. Each 3 ml packet contains 20 mg of flavorless liquid CBD which disperses rapidly. It doesn’t get any easier than that for mom to make her own CBD-infused drink! 

Vertus

For Washington moms (that’s state, not DC) who love their bubbles, Vertus. Vertus, a cannabis-infused sparkling beverage, is the perfect elevated gift for moms who love prosecco and champagne. It’s flavorful and effervescent, spirited and sophisticated. Each 750 ml bottle contains either 50 mg or 100 mg of THC, which makes it a great beverage to share with others. And imagine – no headache the next day!  Available at dispensaries in Washington state.     

Zenly Sparkling Water

For moms who love fruit, Zenly Sparkling Water. Drinking sparkling water is a great way to stay hydrated, and it’s even better when it’s enhanced with fruit flavor and infused with CBD. Friends who love the tartness of citrus will love Zenly’s Blood Orange and Lime Mojito, while friends who like a hint of sweetness and the tastes of summer and fall will appreciate Berry Bliss and Honeycrisp Apple. Whatever the case, dehydration will never be a problem once they start drinking Zenly.

Thinking About Launching an Infused Beverage?

If you are a product developer who has an idea for an infused product that you’d like to see on the market for Mother’s Day 2023 – look no further than SōRSE to be your water-soluble ingredient supplier and strategic partner. Our R&D team is well-versed in production of beverages, food items, and personal care products from concept to final product; they welcome the opportunity to help make your dream a reality. Schedule an exploratory call today with SōRSE to get started on your infused product journey! 

Cannabis, like many other plants, is complex in terms of its biologic structure and the way that some of its compounds interact with the human body. Because marijuana is not yet federally legal in the United States, it can be challenging for researchers and scientists to launch studies to better understand the effects the components of the plant like cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids have on the human body, as well as how they engage with the Endocannabinoid System (ECS).  

While today’s consumers are highly interested in the potential health benefits that are associated with cannabis today, they might not be well versed in the terms that many in the industry use to describe the impact that cannabis can have on our health and well-being. One of the terms frequently used is “Entourage Effect.” Here, we break down what the term means, the elements that influence it, research studies on it, and how the concept impacts infused product development decisions.  

Entourage Effect: A Working Definition 

The term Entourage Effect refers to the synergistic relationship the plant’s compounds have with each other. In other words, some scientists believe that when the cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids work in harmony, the result can be greater or better than if they were acting alone.  

In 1998, Israeli scientists Raphael Machoulam and Simon Ben-Shabat first coined the term to describe the co-acting relationship that molecules can have on one another. They were studying the molecule 2-AG which binds to the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors in mice. What they discovered was that two other compounds improved 2-AG’s ability to bind to the receptors even though the two could not bind to the receptors themselves.  

Dr. Ethan Russo, a neurologist who has spent much of his career studying cannabis, describes the concept as “botanical synergy” — where a dominant molecule like CBD or THC is supported by other plant substances like terpenes and flavonoids to achieve the maximum effect. 

Another way to interpret this term is the following: “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.” In the case of cannabis, some scientists argue that a cannabinoid’s efficacy can be heightened when it is paired with another part of the plant, such as other cannabinoids and terpenes.  

The Elements That Influence the Entourage Effect 

Cannabinoids 

Cannabinoids are the “naturally occurring, biologically active, chemical constituents of hemp and cannabis.” They are also called phytocannabinoids in that they mimic the cannabinoids the body produces called endocannabinoids.  Cannabinoids are produced by the hemp or cannabis plant’s trichomes; the plant begins to develop trichomes when flowers begin to form. The most common cannabinoids produced by the cannabis plant are CBD and THC, but there are other cannabinoids, sometimes called minor cannabinoids, like CBC, CBG, CBN, and THCv that are rising to prominence because of their purported health benefits.   

Terpenes 

Terpenes are the fragrant oils produced and secreted from the same glands that produce cannabinoids, the trichomes, that can repel predators and attract pollinators. They are the molecules that give the plant its odor and flavor and increase the cannabinoids’ efficacy. They also have antioxidant effects. There are over 200 terpenes in the cannabis plant, and each strain has its own unique blend of terpenes. Terpenes are the basis of aromatherapy, a healing treatment that utilizes a plant’s essential oils to promote physical and emotional well-being. 

Terpenes have therapeutic qualities; they can play a role in a plant’s medicinal effects because of the way they interact with cannabinoids and help them enter the bloodstream. Scientists have found that when terpenes and cannabinoids work synergistically, they are potentially more effective in the treatment of pain, inflammation, anxiety, depression, epilepsy, and infection. 

Research Studies on the Entourage Effect 

Since 1998 when researchers Machoulam and Ben-Shabat first reported their findings, the research community has pursued studies of cannabinoids to further explore the Entourage Effect and whether or not compounds in the plant do (or don’t) work together to bolster a cannabinoid’s effectiveness.  

In 2010, Dr. Ethan Russo published a paper entitled “Taming THC: Potential Cannabis Synergy and Phytocannabinoid-Terpenoid Entourgage Effect.” In his research, Russo had been focused on examining the interactions between cannabinoids and terpenes specifically.  When discussing the relationship between cannabinoids, Russo states that CBD regulates the “psychoactivity of THC and reduces its adverse event profile.” In the latter portion of the paper, he explains how terpenes can enhance or minimize the effects of cannabinoids, such as pinene, which can counteract short-term memory deficits associated with THC.  

In 2020, The journal Current Neuropharmacology published a paper by a group of scientists entitled, “The Entourage Effect: Terpenes Coupled with Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Mood Disorders and Anxiety Disorders.” The paper reviewed various papers covering the Entourage Effect in an attempt to answer the question, “When paired with terpenes, are cannabinoids more effective in treating some psychiatric symptoms?” They conclude that terpenes’ “contribution to the therapeutic effect of cannabinoids may be significant,” and that further research needs to be pursued to verify this – particularly in the realm of the relationship between terpenes and CBD in the treatment of patients suffering from anxiety, depression, or bipolar disorder.   

The Entourage Effect’s Impact on Product Development 

When product developers consider the type of infused product they are going to make and its desired effect, the Entourage Effect is something that should be taken into account, for it will impact whether or not they choose a Full-Spectrum, Broad-Spectrum  or Isolate for their infused product. 

Full-Spectrum means the maximum amount of helpful native phytochemicals are retained during extraction, including THC. The goal is to retain an identical ratio of cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids from the original plant material

Broad-Spectrum retains a large complement of phytochemicals without the THC. Hemp is the basis for most Broad Spec extracts. Broad Spectrum can also be created by either adding terpenes, flavonoids, and minor cannabinoids to CBD isolate or by removing THC from Full Spectrum extract through distillation. 

Isolate is the purest form of extracted cannabinoids, a crystalline powder with a purity of 99.9%.  

Choosing between Full-Spectrum, Broad-Spectrum or Isolate reflects a brand’s understanding of the market and what their consumers value. For some, isolates are desirable because they allow producers to standardize their products based on known, reliable effects. However, for the more wellness-focused, the benefits of a wider complement of phytochemicals are worth the variability in the sensory experience and the effects. If you are a product developer interested in the Entourage Effect and are exploring water-soluble Broad-Spectrum emulsions for your infused product, book a call with the SōRSE team today to learn more about our product offerings. 

When it comes to talking about hemp, cannabis, and human health, there are numerous terms used within the research community and industry that may not be familiar to the consumer – and one of them is the word “cannabinoid.” While CBD and THC are recognizable to most people as active components of the cannabis plant, they may not know that they are two of 100+ phytocannabinoids found in the plant’s flowers. There are also cannabinoids in the human body, called endo or endogenous cannabinoids.   

In this post, we’ll define what cannabinoids are; describe the difference between endocannabinoids, phytocannabinoids, and synthetic cannabinoids; as well as explain how cannabinoids relate to the Entourage Effect. 

What Are Cannabinoids?

 By definition, cannabinoids are: 1) “any naturally occurring, biologically active, chemical constituents of hemp and cannabis; 2) any of several substances (such as anandamide) naturally produced within the body; a substance that is synthetically produced to mimic the effects of natural cannabinoids.”   

 Types of Cannabinoids  

 Endogenous Cannabinoids (aka Endocannabinoids) 

Endogenous cannabinoids are chemical compounds produced in the body and are a key component of the Endocannabinoid System (ECS). Anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol are two endocannabinoids that attach to the ECS’ CB1 and CB2 receptors. Other endocannabinoids include Arachidonyl glyceryl ether and O-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine. When endocannabinoids bind to receptors, the result is a physical response in the brain or body to reestablish balance or homeostasis, such as a decrease in ocular pressure, a decrease in inflammation, or a lowering of body temperature.

Phytocannabinoids 

Phytocannabinoids are plant-derived cannabinoids produced by the hemp and cannabis plants that mimic endocannabinoids.  Cannabinoids are produced by the hemp or cannabis plant’s trichomes. Trichomes are hair-like appendages on the flowers’ surface that act defensively against insects and animals because of the bitter smell and taste their components impart. The plant begins to develop trichomes when flowers begin to form. The trichomes not only produce cannabinoids, but also terpenes.

Phytocannabinoids are not exclusively produced by hemp and cannabis; Echinacea, Cacao, Kava and sunflowers are some of the many plants that produce them as well.

A Short List of Known Cannabinoids

CBD (Cannabidiol) and THC (Delta-nine-tetrahydrocannabinol) are the two best-known and most recognized of the 100+ cannabinoids produced by the hemp and cannabis plants. That said, other cannabinoids are gaining notice from the scientific and consumer communities for their purported health benefits. They include:  

• CBDA: Cannabidiolic Acid 
• CBDV: Cannabidivarin 
• CBG: Cannabigerol 
• CBN: Cannabinol  
• CBC: Cannabichromene  
• CBCA: Cannabichromenic Acid 
• THCV: Delta-nine-tetrahydrocannabivarin

More product producers are pairing CBD or THC with some of the minor cannabinoids to improve the efficacy of the product and the way they interact with the ECS.

Benefits of Cannabinoids  

Currently, there is a great interest in the scientific community in the potential medical use of the cannabinoid, CBD. Productive pharmacological research on CBD occurred in the 1970s and gained traction with the discovery of the Endocannabinoid System. Multiple preclinical and clinical studies led to FDA approval of CBD-based Epidiolex® in 2018, used for the treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) or Dravet syndrome (DS) in patients 2 years of age and older.

CBD and many other cannabinoids are medically promising substances that continue to grow in popularity around the world. With increasing public and patient interest in the use of cannabinoids for health concerns such as anxiety, stress, inflammation, pain, and sleep, more research is necessary to better understand cannabinoids’ potential efficacy and safety profiles.

Synthetic Cannabinoids

Synthetic cannabinoids are manmade chemicals in powder form that are designed to replicate the effects of cannabis. They are usually mixed with solvents, then sprayed onto other plant material. These chemicals, known as Spice or K2, are not a true synthetic form of cannabis and actually produce a number of negative side effects that are considerably different from those of cannabis. The side effects can include vomiting, hallucinations, agitation, and rapid heart rate.

How Cannabinoids Contribute to The Entourage Effect  

The Entourage Effect is a term that describes the way in which cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids in a cannabis plant interact with each other and the human body to be more effective than any one of those chemical components acting alone, creating a synergistic effect. Terpenes are substances often recognized for their pungent, sometimes fruity aroma; they represent the aromatic and fragrant compounds associated with plants that deter insects and animals from eating them

The Entourage Effect helps maximize the therapeutic effects of a cannabinoid such as CBD by improving efficacy and tolerability. The Entourage Effect is a term that communicates that when it comes to hemp and cannabis, the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. The Entourage Effect is a reason that a product developer would choose Broad Spectrum CBD over isolate, as Broad Spectrum can offer a wider array of cannabinoids and terpenes than 99% pure CBD isolate does.  

 It’s been four years since the Farm Bill legalized the use of hemp, and in that time, the number of products featuring cannabinoids has grown remarkably. Cannabinoids can be found in a variety of different formats, including water-soluble which allows for them to be integrated into beverages, baked goods, confections, topicals and personal care products. If you are a product developer looking to enter the infused product space and need help coming up with the right cannabinoid formulation to meet your consumers’ needs, the team at SōRSE has the knowledge and experience to help you get your product to market efficiently. Come to the SōRSE – book an exploratory call today! 

When it comes to products featuring CBD, THC, and other cannabinoids, much has changed over the past ten years. From beverages to tinctures to topicals to edibles, there are a plethora of cannabinoid-infused products on the market today. As states continue to legalize medicinal and adult recreational cannabis use, the number of infused food and beverage items grows as well. Products are also featuring more of the minor cannabinoids like CBN, CBC, and CBG for their purported health benefits.  

Learning about the Endocannabinoid System, a complex physiological system in the brain and body, is the first step for consumers who want to understand how products infused with CBD, THC, and other cannabinoids “work” after ingestion. 

The Role of the Endocannabinoid System in the Human Brain and Body  

The Endocannabinoid System is a unique molecular communications network that can have a wide range of effects on different body systems. This system regulates many important functions such as immune response, metabolism, appetite, and communication between cells. It appears that the main function of ECS is to establish and maintain bodily balance, known as homeostasis. Its purpose is to maintain a stable internal environment despite fluctuations and changes in the external environment. According to biochemist Vincenzo Di Marzo, the scientist who named the ECS, it oversees our processes of “eating, sleeping relaxing, forgetting, and protecting.”

Endocannabinoids and their receptors are found throughout the body: in the brain, organs, connective tissues, glands, and immune cells. In each tissue, the cannabinoid system performs different tasks, but the goal is always the same: balance through homeostasis. Cannabinoids promote homeostasis at every level of biological life, from the sub-cellular, to the organism, and perhaps to the community and beyond.​ All vertebrates produce endocannabinoids.  

Much of our understanding of the ECS today is the result of seminal studies in the 80’s and 90’s that led to the discovery of the receptors and neurotransmitters in animal tissue.

The ECS’ Core Components

Endocannabinoids, their receptors, and enzymes are the three core components of the ECS.    

 Endocannabinoids 

 Endocannabinoids (aka endogenous cannabinoids) are molecules produced by the body. They are found at the intersection of various systems, allowing communication and coordination between different cell types. At the site of an injury, for example, cannabinoids can be found decreasing the release of activators and sensitizers from the injured tissue, stabilizing the nerve cell to prevent excessive firing, and calming nearby immune cells to prevent release of pro-inflammatory substances. These molecules help keep internal functions running smoothly. Your body produces them as needed, making it difficult to know what typical levels are for each.  

• The two primary endocannabinoids that have been identified are anandamide (AEA) and 2-archidonoylgylerol (2-AG). The level of endocannabinoids in our body often fluctuates because our body produces them as needed.

Endocannabinoid Receptors 

Endocannabinoid receptors are found throughout your body. Endocannabinoids bind to them, which signals that the ECS needs to take action. 

There are two main receptors: 

• CBR1 — predominantly found in the central nervous system  
• CBR2 – predominantly found in the peripheral nervous system, especially immune cell.  

Endocannabinoids can bind to either receptor. The effects of that depend on where the receptor is located and which endocannabinoid it binds to.​ For example, endocannabinoids might target CB1 receptors in a spinal nerve to relieve pain. Others might bind to a CB2 receptor in your immune cells to signal that your body’s experiencing inflammation, a common sign of autoimmune disorders.​ 

Enzymes 

Enzymes are responsible for breaking down endocannabinoids once they’ve carried out their function.  

How Phytocannabinoids Interact with the ECS

Phytocannabinoids are the active chemical compounds found in the cannabis plant that interact with a human or animal’s body’s endocannabinoid receptors. CBD and THC are two of over 100+ different cannabinoids that reside in the flowers of the cannabis plant. After being consumed in the form of a beverage or edible, digested, and absorbed into the blood stream, the phytocannabinoids will attach to the receptors which will help maintain or re-establish that balance. 

The more research that is conducted on the ECS and the ways that cannabinoids interact with the ECS receptors, the better we will understand the potential benefits CBD and other cannabinoids have on the human body. 

Body Processes Linked to the ECS

Despite the fact that it is difficult to study the impact of the phytocannabinoids on the human body given regulatory hurdles, researchers are committed to pursuing the study of the plant. The goal for scientists is to better understand how cannabinoids can interact with the ECS to see how the following bodily processes might be impacted: 

• Appetite  
• Digestion 
• Metabolism 
• Chronic pain 
• Inflammation 
• Immune system responses 
• Mood 
• Learning and memory 
• Motor control  
• Sleep 
• Cardiovascular function  
• Bone development 
• Muscle formation 
• Bone growth 
• Liver function 
• Reproductive function 
• Stress 
• Skin and nerve function

The Different Ways THC & CBD Interact with the ECS

THC and CBD are the two most well-known cannabinoids in today’s marketplace, and they interact differently with the Endocannabinoid System. THC acts as a CB1 and CB2 agonist. An agonist is a chemical that activates a receptor to elicit a biological response. When THC binds to CBR1, it is activated, which causes a release of neurochemicals such as Dopamine; this is similar to the binding of endogenous cannabinoids to the receptor.

In contrast, CBD is an antagonist of these receptors and indirectly exhibits an opposite effect. This is part of the reason scientists theorize that CBD can counteract some of the effects of THC. It acts as a regulator of ion channels and non-cannabinoid receptors. When ligands bind to membrane proteins, ion channels are opened that permit ions to move through the channel pore such as Ca2+ and Na+. This can result in release of neurotransmitters, hormones, and a host of other cell-signaling pathways. CBD can also increase the activity of serotonin receptors and inhibit endocannabinoid reuptake. 

Everyone’s ECS is unique and different, which means that no one person will have the exact same reaction after consuming any cannabinoid as someone else.

Closing Thoughts

For consumers to understand how cannabinoids impact how our brain and body functions, learning about the ECS as well as regularly documenting how one feels after ingesting cannabinoids is essential. It’s also important for them to look for high-quality products that have accurate label claims and have been lab tested, to ensure they are getting the cannabinoids they pay for. We and our Powered by SōRSE partners are committed to creating products that are safe, consistent, accurately dosed, and great-tasting, because cannabinoid consumers deserve just that.  

A question that many consumers ask about cannabinoid-infused products, including beverages, edibles, and personal care products, is how they can verify that the amount of CBD claimed on the label is actually in the product they purchased. The answer to that question is through the documentation a CBD supplier and CBD brands provide on their products, known in the cannabis industry as a Certification of Analysis – a COA. Ideally, COAs would be an industry standard, but some companies do not make information on batch-level analysis available.

The following is an example of a COA of Broad-Spectrum Hemp product from SōRSE.

It’s important to note that lab tests for cannabis products come in different shapes and sizes. Some contain only cannabinoid content information, while others go much deeper and contain herbicide/pesticide testing, microbial profiles, terpene profiles and much more. Here are some typical components of a COA.

COMPONENTS OF A COA

• Order Confirmation: The product code and lot number validate that the batch that was shipped matches the product ordered.
• Cannabinoids: The data in this section helps a product producer calculate the dosage of the end product.
• Potency Profile: This section lists a number of different cannabinoids with their respective potency levels in the product ordered. This data also confirms whether an order is Broad Spectrum or Isolate. In the COA example, the Potency Profile shows that the product is a Broad Spectrum, as it contains CBD, CBN, CBG or other minor cannabinoids (such as CBC, CBGa, and others) that can present in the distillate. This section also indicates the method for testing; in this case, HPLC refers to High Performance Liquid Chromatography, a method for separating molecules from one another.
• Microbial Profile: This section validates that the product has gone through and passed Microbial Profile testing. Because cannabis is an agricultural product, it is important to test for microbes, yeast/mold, and pathogens such E. Coli and Salmonella to ensure consumer safety.
• Third-Party Testing: All products are tested by a third-party lab to validate in-house results and avoid conflicts of interest.
• Signature Verification: At SōRSE, to ensure the accuracy of the data, each COA is verified by two different team members.

DOCUMENTATION FOR FINISHED GOODS

 

In terms of infused finished goods, some product producers will share lab results on their products on their websites. Some companies are also utilizing QR codes on their packaging that can be scanned by consumers, linking them to documentation. These documents include the date of analysis, the cannabinoid profile, the method for determining potency, signature verification, and the lab information. Some documentation also included testing for heavy metals, pesticides, and residual solvents.

Sharing and publishing COAs goes a long way for CBD suppliers who want to be seen as prioritizing safety and quality in this growing industry, and for brands seeking to build consumer trust and loyalty. Documentation from both the supplier and product producer verify for the consumer that the product they have purchased is safe, and that they are getting what they paid for. CBD suppliers like SōRSE and brands that share COAs believe in transparency, and that is what a consumer should look for when buying infused products.

If you are looking for a high-quality CBD emulsion powered by a team of experienced food scientists and product developers to get your infused product to market, now is the time to come to the SōRSE. Book a call with our team today!

Cannabis, like many other botanicals, is a complex plant. It contains a variety of chemical substances including flavonoids, phytonutrients that create a plant’s color; terpenes, the compounds that create a plant’s smell and flavor; and cannabinoids, the active chemical compounds that interact with receptors in the human body.

CBD and THC are the two cannabinoids most consumers are familiar with, but scientists and researchers have discovered and identified over 100 other minor cannabinoids in hemp and cannabis plants.

As consumers become more knowledgeable about the potential health benefits of CBD, THC, and the minor cannabinoids found in cannabis, they are also looking for products that pair CBD or THC with some of the minors. The way the major cannabinoids work with the minors can improve the efficacy of the product and the way they interact with the Endocannabinoid System, the ECS.

Major Versus Minor Cannabinoids

CBD and THC are considered major cannabinoids because of their high level of concentration in the plant’s flowers where they are produced in the trichomes. CBDA, CBG, CBN, CBC, THC-A, THCV, THCP, THC-A, and Delta-8-THC are a few of what are considered to be minor cannabinoids.

MINOR CANNABINOIDS FEATURED IN INFUSED PRODUCTS ON THE MARKET

CBG – Cannabigerol

CBG, otherwise known as Cannabigerol, is often referred to as “the mother of all cannabinoids” because it is the first cannabinoid the plant produces. Its acidic form —  CBG-A – is the original compound from which the other cannabinoids are derived through different processes of synthesis as the plant grows. Think of those cannabinoids as the children of CBG. CBG is most frequently found in strains of cannabis and hemp that has a low amount of THC and a high amount of CBD.

In terms of its potential benefits, CBG may be effective in treating pain, nausea, and inflammation. Research has shown that CBG may be an effective treatment for Glaucoma because of the way it interacts with the eyes’ endocannabinoid receptors, reducing pressure in the eye. In experiments on mice, scientists have also found that CBG can also decrease inflammation in the bowel. Cancer studies have also proven that CBG may also block receptors that trigger cancer cell growth.

CBN – Cannabinol

CBN, otherwise known as Cannabinol, is a non-intoxicating cannabinoid that is a derivative of THC-A, one of the acids CBG-A converts to. It was the first cannabinoid to be isolated by scientists almost 100 years ago. CBN is produced when the hemp or cannabis plant is exposed to air and light over long periods of time. Oxidation breaks down the THC-A molecules and converts them into CBN. Because there is very little CBN in young cannabis plants, it is hard to extract. Regardless of that, sales of products containing CBN (mostly edibles) totaled more than $65M in California, Colorado, Nevada and Oregon in the last four quarters, according to Headset, a data analytics firm in Seattle.

In terms of its potential health benefits, CBN is best known for its sedative qualities, but it has also been used as an anticonvulsant. In a study on rats, scientists found that CBN could be used to relieve muscle and joint pain, and that when paired with CBD, the product was more efficacious. A study in 2005 also found the CBN could help delay the onset of ALS, Lou Gehrig’s Disease which affects cells in the brain and spinal cord.

CBC — Cannabichromene

CBC, also known as Cannnabichromene, is a non-intoxicating cannabinoid. It is the result of the conversion of CBG-A to CBC-A; once CBC-A is exposed to heat and light, it becomes CBC. CBC is a non-intoxicating cannabinoid that activates the CB2 receptors but does not bind well with the CB1 receptors in the brain.

In terms of its potential health benefits, studies have shown that CBC may be effective in fighting cancer because of its ability to inhibit growth of tumors. CBC is also purported to block pain and inflammation, particularly when paired with THC. As a result, it may be used to help with Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Crohn’s disease, and post-operative pain. When paired with THC and CBD, CBC has also exhibited anti-depressive properties.

THCV – Tetrahydrocannabivarin

THCV, also known as Tetrahydrocannabivarin, is a psychoactive cannabinoid found mostly in Sativa strains of the cannabis plant. Unlike its cousin, THC, it does not elicit a case of the munchies because it actually suppresses the appetite instead of awakening it. Those who use THCV describe feeling alert and energized.

In terms of its potential health benefits, THCV may be able to be used to relieve stress, reduce the chance of experiencing a panic attack, and treat PTSD. Researchers are also exploring the use of THCV for treating Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, and MS, as the cannabinoid is able to protect nerve cells against degeneration or damage.

Understanding the ECS (Endocannabinoid System)

The ECS is a unique communications system found in the human brain and body that affects many important functions. It appears that that the main function of ECS is to maintain bodily homeostasis — biological harmony in response to changes in the environment. It is made up of natural molecules known as endocannabinoids, and the pathways they interact with, as well as receptors and enzymes. The endocannabinoid system has been recently recognized as an important modulatory system in the function of brain, endocrine, and immune tissues. It appears to play a very important regulatory role in the secretion of hormones related to reproductive functions and response to stress. This system is very old, and all vertebrates produce endocannabinoids.

The ECS involves three core components: endocannabinoids, receptors, and enzymes. 

Endocannabinoids: These molecules are similar to cannabinoids, but they’re produced by the body. These help keep internal functions running smoothly. Your body produces them as needed, making it difficult to know what typical levels are for each. 

Endocannabinoid Receptors: These receptors are found throughout your body. Endocannabinoids bind to them in order to signal that the ECS needs to take action. The two main endocannabinoid receptors are: CB1 receptors, which are mostly found in the central nervous system; and CB2 receptors, which are mostly found in the peripheral nervous system, especially immune cells. Endocannabinoids can bind to either receptor. The effects that result depend on where the receptor is located and which endocannabinoid it binds to.

Enzymes: Enzymes are responsible for breaking down endocannabinoids once they’ve carried out their function. 

Understanding the Entourage Effect

 This term, the Entourage Effect, describes the way in which the compounds of a cannabis or hemp plant, including the cannabinoids and terpenes, interact with each other and the human body to be more effective than any one of those chemical components acting alone, which creates a synergistic effect. The Entourage Effect helps maximize the therapeutic effects of cannabinoids by improving efficacy and tolerability.

The Future of Infused Products Pairs the Majors with the Minors

While CBD and THC have a solid foothold in the infused product space, last year, more products featuring these major cannabinoids paired with minors emerged in the marketplace, and we expect this to continue as we move forward. As companies look to differentiate their products from others, one way to do so is by incorporating minor cannabinoids into their product formulas to complement the major with the goal of improving efficacy and health benefits. The key to success will be in the formulation process – utilizing the minor cannabinoids to create a synergistic effect with either CBD or THC.

As consumers become more knowledgeable about cannabis and hemp in general and learn about the many cannabinoids the plant has to offer, they will likely be more willing to try products that include minor cannabinoids. The more that cannabinoids are studied by researchers, the better consumers will be able to understand the benefits that both major and minor cannabinoids have to offer.

If you are in the process of evaluating emulsion suppliers for a product to be launched in 2022, the SōRSE R & D team would be happy to talk about your product development needs and discuss formulation possibilities with you. Book a call today!